The Pain of Animals Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The Pain of Animals - Essay Example His position is that humans tend to rationalize their behavior and in doing so justify our mistreatment of certain groups of animals with no thought or concern for their inherent right to life; rather in our selfishness we too often have little regard for their well-being and quality of life. In order to substantiate his position he drew parallels through various instances of how humans either assume animals do not have emotions and can not feel pain or disregard the truth believing the human race is somehow entitled to do as they please in the name of science or sport. Drawing first on the experimentation of insects in the furthering of science Suzuki concedes that somehow that may be justifiable, but then further builds on the examples of experimentations on mice, rats, guinea pigs and other rodents to further both the medical and behavioral sciences and asks us to consider if this is the point at which the line should be drawn morally and ethically. In further defense of his position he talks about how humans are conditioned to have little disregard for the other animals with whom we share the planet. Man at one point, hunted and fished to sustain his own and his family's lives. Somewhere we have gone beyond that. We hunt and fish now not just for survival, but for sport, sacrificing the lives of animals just for our own amusement and pleasure not out of necessity.

Dissertation Chapter4 Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Chapter4 - Dissertation Example In this chapter of the dissertation, we will showcase the data gathered, the analysis done and the results drawn from those analyses. 4.2 Descriptive analysis Throughout the study we have mainly done the analysis part with the help of one-way ANOVA and T test. ANOVA is an assortment of statistical tools that helps the reader to arrive at a certain inference. Inference is the process of obtaining rational conclusions from some assumed or known assertions. ANOVA analyzes the deviation between the means of various groups as well as the deviation that happens to take place within the groups (physics.csbsju.edu, n.d.). Moreover in an ANOVA background, the detected variance existing in a definite variable is classified into particular components that feature a range of variation sources. ANOVA can be used for multiple factors as well as for a single factor. In the present dissertation we have divided the main questions into seven groups and for each group we have conducted one way ANOVA i. e. ANOVA for single factor (csse.monash.edu.au, n.d.). The single factor ANOVA is used to differentiate between the mean values of two or more samples with the application of F test (people.richland.edu, n.d.). This procedure is only suitable for analyzing numerical data. The technique involves testing the null hypothesis of the samples belonging to two or more groups within a population having equal mean values. The ANOVA generates an F statistic, where if the mean values of the groups are obtained from population having similar mean values, then the group means variance should be lesser than that of the variance contained by the samples (Leitzel, 2009). On the contrary a greater ratio consequently signifies that the samples were gathered from the populations having different value for their means. After the vivid description of the ANOVA technique, we would now discuss the T test. It is conducted for testing statistical hypothesis in which the statistics of the test pursue a Stude nt’s t distribution in the case when the null hypothesis is supported. We are considering the T test because the standard deviation of the population here is unknown. The â€Å"Levene’s Test for Equality of Variances† have been used in the analysis of the data as this test provides us with the information stating whether a hypothesis of the t-test has been achieved (Engineering Statistics Handbook, n.d.). T-test presumes that the inconsistency of each group remains almost same. When the assumptions of the t test are not met, then a specific kind of the t-test is applied which we will discuss in the next sections of the chapter. 4.3 Demographic profile The demographic profiles of the consumers both belonging to the UK and Thailand will be discussed in this section. Here we have used the descriptive statistics technique for analyzing the data gathered relating to the demographic profiles of the respondents. This technique is basically used for summarizing a sample and it is different from inferential statistics (Khan Academy, 2013), where the data is used for learning about a population which the sample has been assumed to represent. Moreover descriptive statistics is not based on probability theory unlike the inferential stati

Laptop purchase on university Essay Example for Free

Laptop purchase on university Essay 1. Introduction: We are submitting a well-structured and comprehensive report on â€Å"Factors influencing University students’ Laptop purchases†. Despite many constraints like scope and access to information, we have tried to create something satisfactory. We have tried to follow your guideline in every aspects of preparing this report. We have concentrated on the most relevant and logical areas to make our report coherent as well as practical. We hope this report will entice your kind appreciation. This century is called technological century. So everyone prefers new technology to keep them ahead. This reports experience helps us to find out what factors influence student to purchase a laptop. Many thing influence student to purchase a laptop like Outlook, performance, Need, Physical In this modern time student wants to buy a laptop which increase status, fulfils need and entertainment. 1. 1 Objective of the report: The objective of this report is to find out the factors which influence Student’s purchase decision of laptops. The main objective of this report â€Å"Factors influencing University students’ Laptop purchases† is to find out the result about this issue. 1. 2 Problem statement: To prepare this report, the selected problem statement that we are going to find out is given below. To find out the most important factors which influence students’ purchase decision of laptops. To find out difference between Public and Private University. 1. 3 Scope and limitation: Scope: This report have covered on the students of three Private public Universities. The selected private universities within Dhanmondi area public it is Jagannath University, Dhaka University and BUET. Limitation: The report has covered around 200 students (3 private public) only for lack of man power. Due to the financial problem, We couldn’t cover all private public universities in Bangladesh. 1. 4 Methodology: Methodology of the report is given below 1. 4. 1: Topic selection: We have selected topic by discussion with group member. 1. 4. 2: Sample technique: We have surveyed by non-probability sampling. Our group members have surveyed within 200(Private: 100 Public: 100) students . In the private universities male female students are 50 50. On the other hand, in the public universities male female students are 50 50. 1. 4. 3: Data collection method: To prepare this report, the data have collected from the students of several private public Universities. 1. 4. 4: Data analysis method: To prepare this report, the data have analyzed by using graph, tally, and computer. 1. 4. 5: Data presentation: To prepare this report, the data have presented by using Microsoft office Word power point 2007. 2. Report Analysis: Our report is â€Å"Factors influencing University students’ Laptop purchases† we find out the result of two hundred students from three public private universities. The information we have collected is given below: Survey information (public university): We have surveyed on Public University within three departments (BBA, CSE EEE). We have surveyed between 20% female and 30% male in BBA, 10% female and 20% male in CSE and 5% female and 15% male in EEE departments. All of the students provided their reliable information. Survey information (private university): We have also surveyed on Private University within four departments (BBA, CSE, EEE ETE). There are 22% female and 49% male in BBA, 4% female and 5% male in CSE, 4% female and 13% male in EEE and 2% female 1% male students in ETE. Report analysis of public University: From the first question, high performing laptop is important for you , we found that 13. 33% male and 0% female are strongly agree, 36. 67% male and 15% female are agree, 50% male and 85% female are neutral . â€Å" Laptop is better than desktop† by following this, we found that 66. 67% male and 65% female are strongly agree, 23. 33% male and 35% female are agree, 10% male and 0% female are neutral . Here 60% male and 25% female are strongly agree, 26. 67% male and 75% female are agree, 13% male and 0% female are neutral . In this statement, 66.  68% male and 65% female are strongly agree, 20% male and 25% female are agree, 13. 33% male and 10% female are neutral . According to our survey result we found that, 0% male and 80% female are strongly agree, 0% male and 20% female are agree, 73% male and 0% female are neutral,23% male 0% female are disagree, 3% male 0% female are strongly disagree. Your parents think laptop is preferable for study than desktop, for this statement we found that, 0% male and 10% female are strongly agree, 16. 67% male and 45% female are agree, 70% male and 45% female are neutral,13% male 0% female are disagree. Here we found that ,10% male and 20% female are strongly agree, 10% male and 80% female are agree, 63. 33% male and 0% female are neutral,17% male 0% female are disagree. By analyzing our survey, we found that 83. 33% male and 75% female are strongly agree, 16. 67% male and 25% female are agree. Availability of service center influences you to buy laptop, for this statement we found that, 86. 67% male and 85% female are strongly agree, 13. 33% male and 15% female are agree. By analyzing our survey we found that, 0% male and 0% female are strongly agree, 13. 33% male and 65% female are agree, 76. 67% male and 35% female are neutral,10% male 0% female are disagree. For this question we found that, 6. 66% male and 0% female are strongly agree, 33. 33% male and 20% female are agree, 60% male and 80% female are neutral. In your honest opinion, an ideal laptop should have Weight of, 10% male 15% female are in Colum A, 73. 33% male 85% female are in Colum B, 16. 67% male 0% female are in Colum C. Here we found that, 6. 67% male 80% female are in Colum A, 80% male 20% female are in Colum B, 13. 33% male 0% female are in Colum C. In this statement we found that, , 80% male 90% female are in Colum A, 13. 33% male 10% female are in Colum B, 6. 67% male 0% female are in Colum C. Report analysis of private University: To prepare this report, we also covered private University within Dhanmondi area. Report analysis of private university is given below by graphically. From the first question, We found that strongly agree male 62. 71% and female51. 22%, agree male 23. 73% and female 19. 51%, Neutral male 8. 47% and female 14. 07%, Disagree male 3. 39% and female 2. 44%, Strongly disagree male 1. 70% and female 12. 20% about high performing laptop is important for you. According to our survey result, We found strongly agree male 54. 24% and female 36. 59%, agree male 22. 03% and female 31. 71%, Neutral male 16. 95% and female 4. 88%, Disagree male 6. 78% and female 14. 63%, Strongly disagree male 0% and female12. 20%. About laptop is a must for study purpose. Here, We found strongly agree male 40. 68% and female 19. 51%, agree male 25. 42% and female 12. 20%, Neutral male 28. 81% and female 26. 83%, Disagree male 3. 93% and female 14. 63%, Strongly disagree male 01. 70% and female 9. 76%. Students claim that laptop is a must for study purpose. By following this question, We found strongly agree male 59. 32% and female 26. 83%, agree male 25. 42% and female 29. 29%, Neutral male 08. 47% and female 14. 63%, Disagree male 6. 78% and female 19. 51%, Strongly disagree male 00. 00% and female 9. 76%. About laptop saves electricity. In this statement, We found strongly agree male 40. 68% and female 26. 83%, agree male 32. 20% and female 31. 71%, Neutral male 20. 03% and female 14. 07%, Disagree male 05. 08% and female 14. 63%, Strongly disagree male 00. 00% and female 09. 76%. About laptop’s physical outlook influences you to purchase a particular laptop. Your parents think laptop is preferable for study purpose thane desktop by following this We found strongly agree male 33. 90% and female 24. 39%, agree male 33. 90% and female 21. 95%, Neutral male 23. 71% and female 31. 71%, Disagree male 3. 93% and female 21. 95%, Strongly disagree male 5. 08% and female 2. 44%. â€Å"Do you think laptop increases your social status as student† ,this statement displayed strongly agree male 40. 68% and female 26. 83%, agree male 28. 81% and female 21. 95%, Neutral male 20. 34% and female 39. 27%, Disagree male 6. 78% and female 21. 95%, Strongly disagree male 3. 93% and female 00. 00%. According to our survey, We found strongly agree male 44. 07% and female 14. 07%, agree male 25. 42% and female 41. 46%, Neutral male 15. 25% and female 20. 20%, Disagree male 11. 86% and female 14. 63%, Strongly disagree male 3. 93% and female 14. 63%. About warranty facility influenced you to buy laptop. In this statement, We found strongly agree male 37. 29% and female 12. 20%, agree male 25. 42% and female 34. 15%, Neutral male 22. 03% and female 24. 09%, Disagree male 13. 50% and female 14. 07%, Strongly disagree male 1. 70% and female 9. 76%. About availability of service center influences you to buy laptop. Here We found strongly agree male 39. 90% and female 14. 07%, agree male 35. 60% and female 24. 39%, Neutral male 16. 95% and female 24. 93%, Disagree male 8. 47% and female 19. 51%, Strongly disagree male 5. 08% and female 14. 63%. About your friend circle influences you to buy laptop. By analyzing this statement, We found strongly agree male 47. 46% and female 14. 63%, agree male 27. 12% and female 26. 83%, Neutral male 16. 95% and female 26. 83%, Disagree male 5. 08% and female 14. 08%, Strongly disagree male 3. 93% and female 14. 63%. In this statement We found â€Å"A â€Å"male 55. 93% and female 34. 15%, â€Å"B† male 35. 60% and female 39. 02%, â€Å"C† male 8. 47% and female 26. 83%. Our survey , showed in question â€Å"A â€Å"male 22. 63% and female 24. 93%, â€Å"B† male 59. 32% and female 39. 62%, â€Å"C† male 16. 95% and female 36. 59%. About screen size of Laptop monitor. Survey of 100 students of the private university, We found â€Å"A†male 22. 63% and female 24. 39%, â€Å"B† male 59. 32% and female 39. 62%, â€Å"C† male 16. 95% and female 36. 59%. About battery7 backup of laptop. 2. 1 Major findings: The major issues that we have found from our survey result is given below. Most of the students of Public and Private Universities are preferred that Laptop is better than desktop. In the public university and private university, 66. 67% male and 65% female, 54. 24% male and 36. 59% female provided strongly agree. Most of the students of Private and public universities preferred that Laptop saves Electricity. (Male 59. 32% female 26. 83% ) and ( male 66. 68% female 65% ). Most of the female (80%) students of public university response that laptop physical outlook influences them to purchase laptop. Available of service center also influence students to purchase laptop. The major percentage of students (Male 80% 90%) thinks that an ideal laptop should have 3 to 7 hours battery backup. 3. Conclusion: As our hypothesis is to find out the difference between public and private university and most important factors which influence students to buy a laptop. So, from the analysis of our survey, we found that our hypothesis is accepted. 4. Appendix : For collecting the information, we have followed survey questionnaire format. The format is given below. Survey on  Ã¢â‚¬Å"Factors influencing University students’ Laptop purchases† Dear Respondent, We, from United International University (UIU), are doing a survey on Factors influencing University students’ Laptop purchases: A research in Dhaka city among Public Private universities, as part of our Business Communication course. For this, we need some reliable information. Would you please read the statements and provide your best response to each question. Gender: ? Male ? Female Type of your university: ? Private ? Public Department : _____________ [Strongly Agree=5 Agree=4 Neutral=3 Disagree=2 Strongly Disagree=1]. Statement Strongly Agree Agree Neutral Disagree Strongly Disagree 1. High performing laptop is important for you. 5 4 3 2 1 2. Laptop is better than desktop. 5 4 3 2 1 3. Laptop is a must for study purpose. 5 4 3 2 1 4. Laptop saves electricity. 5 4 3 2 1 5. Laptop’s physical outlook influences you to purchase a particular laptop. 5 4 3 2 1 6. Your parents think laptop is preferable for study than desktop. 5 4 3 2 1 7. You think laptop increases your social status as student. 5 4 3 2 1 8. Warranty facility influenced you to buy laptop. 5 4 3 2 1 9. Availability of service center influences you to buy laptop. 5 4 3 2 1 10. Your friend circle influences you to buy laptop. 5 4 3 2 1 11. You purchase laptop with a major intension of entertainment. 5 4 3 2 1 12. In your honest opinion, an ideal laptop should have 12. 1 Weight of A) Below 1kg B) 1-2kg C) 2-2. 5kg 12. 2 Screen size of A) 10- 13 inches B) 13- 15 inches C) 15-17 inches 12. 3 Battery backup of A) 3-7 hours B) 7-10 hours C) 10-12 hours Thank You for your Cooperation. 5. Reference: For preparing the report, we have take help from the following 1. Basic Business Communication, Tenth edition, Lesikar and Flatley. 2. www. Google. com 3. www. Wikipedia. com.

Fair Trade Movement

Fair Trade Movement The Aims and the Effects of the Fair-Trade Movement â€Å"What aims and purposes motivate the fair-trade movement? To what extent do you think that the methods adopted by fair-trade organizations achieve those aims?† Introduction In 2006, Fair trade certified sales amounted to approximately $2.3 billion worldwide, a 41% year-to-year increase. And fair-trade products generally account for 0.5-5% of all sales in their product categories in Europe and North America. In October 2006, over 1.5 million disadvantaged and marginalised producers worldwide were directly benefiting from fair-trade while an additional 5 million benefited from fair-trade funded infrastructure and community development projects. It seems fair-trade becomes more and more important in the social life. So it is better to understand what is fair-trade. 2. Definition of fair-trade In 2001, a common definition of fair-trade was developed by FINE, an informal association of four international fair-trade networks (Fairtrade Labelling Organizations International, International Fair Trade Association, Network of European Worldshops and European Fair Trade Association): Fair trade is a trading partnership, based on dialogue, transparency and respect, which seeks greater equity in international trade. It contributes to sustainable development by offering better trading conditions to, and securing the rights of, marginalized producers and workers especially in the South. Fair trade organizations (backed by consumers) are engaged actively in supporting producers, awareness raising and in campaigning for changes in the rules and practice of conventional international trade. The fair-trade movement advocates the payment of a fair price as well as social and environmental standards in areas related to the production of a wide variety of goods. It focuses in particular on export goods from developing countries to developed countries, most notably handicrafts, coffee, cocoa, tea, and some other products in agriculture. 3. Motivation of the fair-trade movement In this section, we will try to answer the first question: What aims and purposes motivate the fair-trade movement? We can find the answer to this question on the website of FLOI (Fairtrade Labelling Organizations International), the aims and purposes of the fair-trade movement, or called fair-trades strategic intent is: â€Å"deliberately to work with marginalised producers and workers in order to help them move from a position of vulnerability to security and economic self-sufficiency. to empower producers and workers as stakeholders in their own organizations. to actively play a wider role in the global arena to achieve greater equity in international trade.† The first aim is about marginalised producers and workers. They are the object and reason of the movement. Normally, they are easily hurt economically and treated by unequal conditions. And the fair-trade movement deliberately tries to protect those producers and workers. The second aim pays attention on the role of producers and workers in their own organizations. Normally, those marginalised producers and workers do not have enough power in their own organizations to protect themselves. But the Fair Trade movement aims to strive for more power for them in their own organizations. The third aim focus on the equity in international trade environment. It is important to create the opportunities and equity conditions for those marginalised producers and workers in domestic environment. But at the same time, we also need to take account into the international situation. And the fair-trade movement tries to reduce the gaps in different industries in different countries. IFAT (International Fair Trade Association) prescribes 10 standards that fair-trade organizations must follow in their day-to-day work and carries out continuous monitoring to ensure these standards are following: Creating opportunities for economically disadvantaged producers Transparency and accountability Capacity building Promoting Fair Trade Payment of a fair price Gender Equity Working conditions Child Labour The environment Trade Relations I think these can be seen as a very good addition and explanation to the three main purposes of the fair-trade organizations. Those standards tell us how we can identify the aims of the fair-trade movement in practice. One can visit the website of IFAT for details. 4. Effects of the fair-trade movement Now, we should consider the second question in this section: To what extent do you think that the methods adopted by fair-trade organizations achieve those aims? 4.1 The methods To answer the question, we need to know which methods are adopted by fair-trade organizations. In nowadays, the main method adopted by fair-trade organizations is Fairtrade labelling. Although Solidarity trade occurs in 1960s, but the sales of fair trade products only really took off with the arrival of the first Fairtrade labelling initiatives. In 1988, the first Fairtrade labelling initiative, Max Havelaar, was created in the Netherlands The independent certification allowed the goods to be sold in the mainstream stores, reaching a larger consumer segment and boosting fair trade sales significantly. The labeling initiative also allowed customers and distributors alike to track the origin of the goods to confirm that the products were really benefiting the producers at the end of the supply chain. In 1997, Fairtrade Labelling Organizations (FLO) International was created, an umbrella organization whose mission is to set the Fairtrade Standards, support, inspect and certify disadvantaged producers and harmonize the fair-trade message across the movement. At present, over 20 Labelling Initiatives  are members of FLO International. Before my own comments of the question, I would like to introduce some popular argument of the fair-trade movement. It will be good if we can learn others opinion firstly. 4.2 The debate Fair-trades increasing popularity has drawn criticism from both the leftist who flavor fair-trade very much, and the rightist who against fair-trade. These arguments can be divided into three different categories: The price distortion argument, advocated by the Adam Smith Institute, and The Economist magazine calling fair-trade a misguided attempt to make up for market failures encouraging market inefficiencies and overproduction. They believe that this kind of artificial intervention of market price is easy to mislead and cause market failure. This is the opinion of rightist who oppose fair-trade. The creation of insider/outsider markets argument is defended by the Booth and Whetstone. They do not explicitly criticize the ideals behind Fair Trade, but rather current certification, production and pricing systems. They just try to improve the effects of the movement by adjusting current method mildly. The mainstreaming argument is defended by French author Christian Jacquiau, which criticizes segments of the fair-trade movement for working within the current system, rather than establishing a new fairer, fully autonomous trading system. It is a very extreme suggestion from the leftists. One can read their articles for detailed discussion. But we can see lots of different points of view, by considering the different aspects of the Fair Trade movement and its main method, Fairtrade labelling. Now the question is, does Fairtrade labelling help the movement to achieve the aims? I think the answer is yes. 4.3 The effect By using Fairtrade labelling system, those marginalised producers and workers can gain more power in their own organizations and achieve greater equity in international trade, so to help them move from a position of vulnerability to security and economic self-sufficiency. They really benefit from this movement, no matter more or less. As the mild people said, we can redesign the current certification, production and pricing systems to make it more efficient to help the marginalised producers and workers. Or as the leftist suggest, we can adopt a complete new trading system. Maybe this extreme suggestion is best for those producers and workers in developing countries. So we can say that the Fairtrade labelling system help fair-trade organizations achieve their aims. And we still have some methods to make the whole system more efficient. But, on the other hand, we should notice that current Fairtrade labelling system, or the advices of system changing and creation, are harmful to the market. On the point view of economics, the more often fair-trade organizations disrupt the goods market, the more possible market failures occurs. So market failure may be the price of Fair Trade movement, and we know that is bad for the whole society. Other people in economy may be worse off because of this fair-trade movement, which is also unfair to them. 5. Conclusion As a conclusion, I should say that the three main aims of the fair-trade movement are found. And Fairtrade labelling system, as the main method adopted by fair-trade organizations, is helpful to achieve those aims. But we should be careful about those misleading effects on market and other people in economy. References

Terrorism: Media Simplistically Portrays War as Good vs. Evil :: Argumentative Persuasive Topics

Media Simplistically Portrays War as Good vs. Evil    The morning of September 11, 2001, will be a communal memory for many around the world.   On this morning, peace was threatened by terrorism on United States ¹ soil and the U.S. declared war in defense of peace. The majority of television, print, and internet media coverage of these events have focused around a discussion of good vs. evil.   In this paper, I will address ways in which hegemonic and counterhegemonic forms of media have contributed to the discussion of good vs. evil at war.    The depiction of good (us) vs. evil (them) in the media has justified war in the name of peace.   The United States ¹ first visual of good vs. evil came with television broadcast statements from the leaders of this war.   From this, the American public ascertained that the evil guys are led by Osama bin Laden who promised that  ³America will not live in peaceÃ…  1 ² sitting atop a rock outside a cave.   In turn, the good guys are led by President George W. Bush who, from his leather chair in the White House, asserted  ³We are at war with terrorism.2 ²Ã‚   These broadcasts became proof for many that  ³they ² attacked peace therefore  ³we ² were justified in declaring war. President Bush extended this belief by reminding the American public that,  ³If you ¹re not with us, you ¹re against us.3 ²Ã‚   This statement called all of America to war against terrorism; Bush ¹s comment implied that those in opposition are the enemy.   As one of the most access ible forms of news, television has become the most powerful form of social pedagogy.   With few exceptions, television has succeeded in perpetuating and legitimizing a hegemonic good vs. evil mentality where  ³we ² are good and  ³they ² are bad.   One could argue that few have sufficient media literacy skills to deconstruct dominant messages put forth by the majority of television networks.    Conversely, internet and print media have, on more occasions, provided counterhegemonic alternative readings on the September 11 events.   One can still visit mainstream websites such as NBC, ABC, FOX, and CNN to view hegemonic references of good vs. evil.   A series of clicks on one ¹s mouse can take a web surfer from photos of candlelight vigils and Twin Tower donation centers to sites where one can watch Powell and Bush, singing calypso, about the demise of Osama Bin Laden as well as play an interactive torture game on the leader of evil4.

Expressionism in The Black Swan Essay -- Film Analysis

The Black Swan is a psychological thriller that documents a prima ballerina’s descent into madness. Nina Sayers is a dancer at a New York City ballet company. Her mother is a very controlling, ex-ballerina whose career ended when she became pregnant with Nina. Having forced his current prima ballerina into retirement, Thomas Leroy, the company's director, is searching for someone worthy enough to play the Swan Queen in his next production. Despite his doubts about her ability to successfully dance the role of the Black Swan, he gives the role to Nina. However, Nina fears Lily is trying to steal the Swan Queen role from her especially when Leroy makes Lily Nina’s understudy. As they move further into the production, Nina's strive for perfection with the White and Black Swan roles causes a slow descent of her mental state. By using a variety of expressionistic techniques, Director Darren Aronofsky uncovers Nina’s worsening psychosis. (Huggo) Obsessive Compulsive Disorder is an â€Å"anxiety disorder characterized by uncontrollable, unwanted thoughts and repetitive, ritualized behaviors you feel compelled to perform† (Segal and Smith, â€Å"Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD): Symptoms, Behavior, and Treatment†). This disorder occurs when the brain becomes obsessed with a specific action or thought. Uncontrollable, recurring thoughts and images, known as obsessions, can take attention away from more important matters. Compulsions consist of actions and rituals that one is compelled to carry out multiple times. (Segal and Smith, â€Å"Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD): Symptoms, Behavior, and Treatment†) Nina's obsession is perfection. She states repeatedly that she â€Å"just wants to be perfect† (Aronofsky). Her compulsion is practice. No matter ho... ...sychiatrists-diagnose-natalie-portmans-portrayal-psychosis/story?id=12436873&page=1>. Schoenstadt, Arthur. "Bulimia." Bulimia. 23 Sept. 2008. Web. 22 May 2012. . Segal, Jeanne, and Melinda Smith. "Anorexia Nervosa: Signs, Symptoms, Causes, Effects, and Treatment." Helpguide.org. May 2012. Web. 15 May 2012. . Segal, Jeanne, and Melinda Smith. "Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD): Symptoms, Behavior, and Treatment." Helpguide.org: Understand, Prevent and Resolve Life's Challenges. Apr. 2012. Web. 10 May 2012. . Segal, Jeanne and Melinda Smith. "Understanding Schizophrenia." Helpguide.org. Jan. 2012. Web. 10 May 2012. .

Plavix Case Study

Patent Games: Plavix Case Study Columbia Southern University Abstract This case study illustrates the conflict between patent protection and preserving a pure competitive market. Pharmaceutical companies are granted patent rights to newly developed drugs for a limited amount of time. Through legal means they are able to form monopolies and maximize their profits. a parent company can move to delay the release of its generic comparison through legal and illegal measures. In the following case Bristol-Myers Squibb fell victim to their own anti-competitive practices. Why did Bristol-Myers Squibb and Sanofi-Aventis seek a settlement?Apotex had was near the conclusion of the government mandated 30 month stay brought on by Bristol-Myers Squibb to delay them from releasing their generic form of Plavix(Chen, 2011). Bristol-Myers Squibb chose to settle rather than litigate for fear of likely losing any patent litigation. Buying out Apotex which was the only other producer of the drug would pr eserve their monopoly and profit margin. Bristol-Myers Squibb had already had a long history of manipulative practices and had delayed other drugs from entering the market in a similar manner, excessive 30 month stays (FTC, 2003).They had been taking advantage of a loophole in the Therapeutic Equivalence Evaluations system known as the Orange Book (FTC, 2003). Litigation would bring further attention to the practices within the pharmaceutical industry and encourage government intervention. Bristol-Myers Squibb and Sanofi-Aventis prevents Apotex from launching generic drug. Pharmaceutical companies are well within their rights to push for extensions on their patents (Baron, 2010). Bristol-Myers Squibb however did not take a legal approach to this.They should not have attempted to pay Apotex 40-60 million dollars to prevent them from launching their generic drug. The Federal Trade Commission must approve of any such agreement to ensure that it does not violate anti-trust laws. Their a ttempted agreement was collusion. Their attempt to limit the production of Apotex was illegal and therefore rejected by governing bodies. Sherman’s strategy Bristol-Myers Squibb’s deceptive practices were likely to catch up to them. This occurred when they crossed paths with Sherman who led Apotex at the time.After everything settled Sherman acknowledged in an interview that he knew the FTC would reject the proposed agreements made by Bristol-Myers Squibb and Sanofi. He also recognized that their spokesman didn’t realize his offer would cause adverse action against Bristol-Myers Squibb (Baron, 2010). He played to their ignorance and entered the agreement. There is no direct answer to the ethics of Sherman’s strategy. He did not actively participate or even condone Brisol-Myers Squibb’s collusion; in fact he knew the agreement would be rejected.There is no way of truly knowing whether Sherman acted with malice when implementing his strategy. Should the FTC and the state attorneys general have rejected the agreements? The FTC and state attorney was right in rejecting Brisol-Myers Squibb’s proposed agreements on the grounds that it is an anti-competitive practice. The second agreement would have been rejected as well provided Bristol-Myers Squibb was completely honest with the FTC. Upon submission of the second agreement to the department of justice they affirmed under oath that all agreements were as listed on the document with no side arrangements (Chen, 2011).After the initiation of an investigation conducted by the Federal Bureau of Investigations Bristol-Myers Squibb plead guilty to two counts of fraud. Did Bristol-Myers Squibb likely violate the deferred prosecution agreement? Bristol-Myers Squib’s board of directors were not going to allow their organization to violate the deferred prosecution agreement. A corporation in its position must remain clean and ethical to rebuild especially while under the supervi sion of government assigned federal monitor Frederick Lacy. The firing of CEO Peter Dolan was a sign that Bristol-Myers Squibb was trying to recover.References Baron, D. P. (2010). Business and its environment (6th ed. ). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall. Chen, Q. (2011). Destroying A Pharmaceutical Patent for Saving Lives: A Case Study of Sanofi- Synthelabo V. Apotex, Inc. Albany Law Journal. Retrieved from http://www. albanylawjournal. org/articles/chen_3. pdf Federal Trade Commission. (2003). FTC Charges Bristol-Myers Squibb with Pattern of Abusing Government Processes to Stifle Generic Drug Competition. Retrieved from http://www. ftc. gov/opa/2003/03/bms. shtm Plavix Case Study Patent Games: Plavix Case Study Columbia Southern University Abstract This case study illustrates the conflict between patent protection and preserving a pure competitive market. Pharmaceutical companies are granted patent rights to newly developed drugs for a limited amount of time. Through legal means they are able to form monopolies and maximize their profits. a parent company can move to delay the release of its generic comparison through legal and illegal measures. In the following case Bristol-Myers Squibb fell victim to their own anti-competitive practices. Why did Bristol-Myers Squibb and Sanofi-Aventis seek a settlement?Apotex had was near the conclusion of the government mandated 30 month stay brought on by Bristol-Myers Squibb to delay them from releasing their generic form of Plavix(Chen, 2011). Bristol-Myers Squibb chose to settle rather than litigate for fear of likely losing any patent litigation. Buying out Apotex which was the only other producer of the drug would pr eserve their monopoly and profit margin. Bristol-Myers Squibb had already had a long history of manipulative practices and had delayed other drugs from entering the market in a similar manner, excessive 30 month stays (FTC, 2003).They had been taking advantage of a loophole in the Therapeutic Equivalence Evaluations system known as the Orange Book (FTC, 2003). Litigation would bring further attention to the practices within the pharmaceutical industry and encourage government intervention. Bristol-Myers Squibb and Sanofi-Aventis prevents Apotex from launching generic drug. Pharmaceutical companies are well within their rights to push for extensions on their patents (Baron, 2010). Bristol-Myers Squibb however did not take a legal approach to this.They should not have attempted to pay Apotex 40-60 million dollars to prevent them from launching their generic drug. The Federal Trade Commission must approve of any such agreement to ensure that it does not violate anti-trust laws. Their a ttempted agreement was collusion. Their attempt to limit the production of Apotex was illegal and therefore rejected by governing bodies. Sherman’s strategy Bristol-Myers Squibb’s deceptive practices were likely to catch up to them. This occurred when they crossed paths with Sherman who led Apotex at the time.After everything settled Sherman acknowledged in an interview that he knew the FTC would reject the proposed agreements made by Bristol-Myers Squibb and Sanofi. He also recognized that their spokesman didn’t realize his offer would cause adverse action against Bristol-Myers Squibb (Baron, 2010). He played to their ignorance and entered the agreement. There is no direct answer to the ethics of Sherman’s strategy. He did not actively participate or even condone Brisol-Myers Squibb’s collusion; in fact he knew the agreement would be rejected.There is no way of truly knowing whether Sherman acted with malice when implementing his strategy. Should the FTC and the state attorneys general have rejected the agreements? The FTC and state attorney was right in rejecting Brisol-Myers Squibb’s proposed agreements on the grounds that it is an anti-competitive practice. The second agreement would have been rejected as well provided Bristol-Myers Squibb was completely honest with the FTC. Upon submission of the second agreement to the department of justice they affirmed under oath that all agreements were as listed on the document with no side arrangements (Chen, 2011).After the initiation of an investigation conducted by the Federal Bureau of Investigations Bristol-Myers Squibb plead guilty to two counts of fraud. Did Bristol-Myers Squibb likely violate the deferred prosecution agreement? Bristol-Myers Squib’s board of directors were not going to allow their organization to violate the deferred prosecution agreement. A corporation in its position must remain clean and ethical to rebuild especially while under the supervi sion of government assigned federal monitor Frederick Lacy. The firing of CEO Peter Dolan was a sign that Bristol-Myers Squibb was trying to recover.References Baron, D. P. (2010). Business and its environment (6th ed. ). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall. Chen, Q. (2011). Destroying A Pharmaceutical Patent for Saving Lives: A Case Study of Sanofi- Synthelabo V. Apotex, Inc. Albany Law Journal. Retrieved from http://www. albanylawjournal. org/articles/chen_3. pdf Federal Trade Commission. (2003). FTC Charges Bristol-Myers Squibb with Pattern of Abusing Government Processes to Stifle Generic Drug Competition. Retrieved from http://www. ftc. gov/opa/2003/03/bms. shtm