Clinical Patient Management System

Clinical Patient Management System Clinical Patient management is introduced to optimize clinics operation. Because of huge changes in management nowadays, management for clinic is important due to the widely spread of technology. This system is proposed for those clinics which are still using paper-based to record down patient record, disease history and etc. This system is to manage the clinics operation efficiently. The area consists of the user in clinic which is doctor and clinic assistant. Basically there are no such systems in the clinic. The traditional paper-based management method has caused a lot of problems to the user. This system will help out the user in the clinic in managing the work. 1.2 Problem Statement and Motivation Clinical Patient management system is enhanced from the traditional paper-based management system that has been using in the clinic. Based on the previous system, the patient who comes to the clinic for the first time is registered via the system. The assistant assist the patient by write down the personal detail in a form. The patient gets the treatment and information about the treatment is record in a file. The system manages the activities in the clinic but the previous system has cause problems to the user. Problems of using paper to record down the records of patient: Only one copy, emergent consult problem Waste time to search the record Easy to lost record or duplicate record Waste money on purchase paper Waste space for store record These problem are so important is because they will affect the operation of clinic cause decrease of patients visits, inefficiency and increase of cost. Clinical Patient management is developed to overcome the problems. The system has few modules such as patient registration, inventory module, medical certificate, disease history, patient record search, appointment, billing and reporting. Objectives The project aims to overcome the problem exists in the previous system. In order to overcome the problem exists in the previous system, we must determine the problems existing in previous system, find out the reason cause the problems in previous existing system and create a solution to solve the problems. Investigate on system/user request and define new requirements. To achieve this objective need to determine who the user is, understanding the user request, verify the request can be achieve or not. Make user easy to maintain record Determine what record is requiring in the system. All the records will be kept in database. Ensure the system useful to user as it help in daily activity in the clinic. Determine how will the system work/operate and understand daily activity in the clinic. Project scope There are nine modules in the system: Patient Registration Patient must register first. Patients IC number, name, address, age, gender, phone number, specified relative IC. Disease History This module manages data about patients treatment history and register for various type of disease. It allows doctor to add, edit and update the disease history. Medical certificate This module allow doctor to create the medical certificate to patients. Allow user to add, edit, delete. Inventory module This module manages all the medicine stock in the clinic. It allow user to add, edit and delete the medicine information. It will show current quantity of medicine in the clinic. It includes the record search. Backup Backup the system setting and database. 1.5 Project significance Clinical Patient Management System is used by the doctor and clinic assistant. The user will feel the system is useful because it has benefits to manage the clinics operation efficiently. The web-based Clinical Patient Management gives profit to user as the user can retrieve information regard to themselves through the internet. They can access the clinic system throughout the internet and those who have difficulties to go the clinic will find it practical. The system makes record keeping more efficient and secure from an unauthorized people. Only authorized user has the right to retrieve their own information. This will secure the patients information. This system has also overcome the problems in paper-based management system. Besides that, the system is easy for the management to maintain record about the patient and inventory. The time for retrieving the information needed will be less compare to the manual. This will help the clinic assistant in doing the job. The system also helps in minimize the loss of data. The clinic assistant can view and generate report for the specified data. CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 Web-based clinical patient management Undeniable computerize medical services is a general trend, this web site will provide medical information for the user, the user can find out the message they want. CMS provide online appointment feature, which accept patients to make the appointment through internet. Besides, doctors can manage the clinic daily work by using CMS. (Andrew Ho 2002, Louis Leong 2002, Onofre da Costa 2002). In journal article Clinics Management System (CMS) based on Patient Centered Process Ontology (Vissers J. M. H. 1998), conducted study and found one of the important trends in business managements is the focus on processes to create value added services for their ultimate customers. This is to get rid of unwanted, time consuming, unnecessarily repeated business activities of the processes and to monitor how value for customer is as efficiently as possible In the journal entitled, Best practice Clinic: The making of a good quality management system written by Dwyer, G. (2004), he said that to be manageable and effective, a quality management system should be easy to manage and involve minimal or no allocation of additional staff, and work in tandem with existing initiatives, systems and structures. In the case study of Lance Technologies LLC The web-based system kept track of all patient schedule information. Thus, patients could visit the web service at any later date and cancel or re-schedule their appointment based on Agho Clinic policies. A web-based administrative system provided password-protected access to patient scheduling data to Agho Clinic staff, allowing them to see schedules and patient contact information. The staff also used the same system to manage in-office scheduling as well. All provider schedules and office hours were also database-driven. (Lance Technologies LLC (2006). In Web Based Patient Scheduling with IVR Backend. Retrieved March 13, 2012) From article state in above they appears in nowadays all clinics are necessary to automate its daily functions. Furthermore, regardless of the type clinic, owning and operating it can be a lot of work. Web-based system is a technology important to clinic domain because it can help them face the problem of increasing diversity and differentiation by improve their competitiveness, efficiency and provide better convenient to patient. 2.2 Fact Finding In a personal interview with a clinic assistant, the clinic assistant had explained in detail about the clinic daily operation. Through the information provided by the clinic assistant, the following function has been listed out. 2.2.1 Functions of the System Patient Function Allow patients to view the doctors schedule. If want to supply a direct appointment way on web. The system require to show out the doctors schedule of working day. Making appointment is several simple steps. The patients can log in by using the User ID and Password. For the first time to log in, the patients can register on the web site and set their own ID and Password. Doctors can check and review the Medical history of a patient through patient ID. The Patients can check their own disease history through the web browser, which include the patient info, such as Name, address, age, gender, record of diagnose, any allergic reaction. Doctor Clinic Assistant Function The system must provides the calendar for the doctors, to check the calendar and appointment on the day. The calendar permit the staff to apply different kind of leave. Such as, annual leave or non-paid leave and so on. By using the system, the medicine inventory records can be checked. They can view the information of the medicines such as medicines name, quantity, expired date, prices, supplier info (Address and contact number) and description. During the consultation, the doctor can check the patient treatment from the website, such as patient diagnosis, medicines, drug allergy, chronic disease. After the checking, the doctor will add the information and status in the system. Finally the system will calculate the total amount and print out the receipts. Through the functions state in above, a list of system module had been arranged out and already writes down in project scope, you can refer it on page 3. 2.3 Critical Remarks of previous works BioAXS Adastra Proposed system Patient registration Finger print verification Make appointment Scheduling Disease history Medical certificate management Billing Inventory management Reporting Backup Web-Based Figure 2.3 Existing system compare with proposed system From figure 2.3 above we can found that both of the existing system BioAXS and Adastra they dont have include most of the feature in proposed system. Many patients need to get medical certificate to rest at home, so the proposed system include the feature of medical certificate management to manage the record. Most of the clinic requires billing management feature in the management system to help them manage and record daily expense and revenue. The inventory in proposed system can help clinic manage the medicine stock, so the clinic assistant can always monitor on the quantity of various medicine. The backup feature in proposed system allow user to backup their data, this can prevent loss of data. If the system accidently down, user can through restore backup file to recover the data. CHAPTER 3 METHODOLOGY 3.1 Prototyping The methodology I choose for develop the system is prototyping. Prototyping include 5 phases planning, analysis, design, implementation, delivery. A prototyping-based methodology performs the analysis, design and implementation phases concurrently, and all three phrases are performed repeatedly to build the first version, with user feedback, repeat these three phases a cycle until system complete. In figure 3.1 it shown how prototyping works. C:UsersKelvin GiottoDesktopprototype.png Figure 3.1 Prototyping 3.1.1 Planning The project planning starts in this phase. First, the information is gathered from the clinic staff. Then, the scope, objectives and the goals for the proposed system are set up. The tentative schedule consists of project work plan and Gantt chart is developed. 3.1.2 Analysis In this phase, we have to understand previous system problems and find out analysis existing system find out their pros and cons. We also have to realise clinic daily operation process to investigate and define new requirements. The problem statement of the system can be defined throughout the observation. It will become the objective for the system. The scope can be extracted from the objective to develop the system. 3.1.3 Design Database design, where a design for the database is form. It can support the Clinical Patient Management System operational and objective, as Microsoft Access is choose for the database management. The minimum requirement for the installation need to be confirmed first in order for the DBMS in the server to run smoothly. Moreover, the Entity Relationship Diagram (ERD), and data dictionary is create where it will explain the main basic workflow of the system. All relationship between the tables, define the storage structures and the access paths will be known. For interface design, we will regard to user request and make it more user-friendly. 3.1.4 Implementation In implementation phase is start working on programming, after complete the first version of prototype, we will delivery it to user to testing the prototype, test for performance, integrity, and concurrent access and security constraints. Other than that, testing and evaluate the system parallel with application programming is done. This phase involve all the users in Clinic Management system that will use this system. In this stage it can be define that the users meets their requirement. Once the data insert into the database, the processes such as tests and fine-tunes will be carried out for purposes of performance, integrity, and concurrent access and security constraints. The testing and evaluation phase occurs in parallel with applications programming. If the database implementation fails to meet the users requirement, several options will be consider in order enhancing the system. Implementation Issues and Challenges Many issues and challenges will be face In develop clinical patient management system. Develop this system can be say like start from zero, require to learning new programming language, new development software and make it operate on server. Unfamiliar Programming language C# The system is develop through Microsoft Sharepoint 2013, and it require using C# programming language to develop. Unfamiliar system area The web-based Clinical Patient Management system is a medical area system, this will cause negligence on the development of software features. Unfamiliar development tools Microsoft Sharepoint 2013 is a new development tools, many useful feature for developer, so require to take some time to learning how to use it. Blur on User Interface design Due to the user of the system are doctor and clinic assistant, difficult to design a user-friendly that is suitable for them. Timeline 3.3.1 Current Semester Figure 3.3.1 Current Semester In figure 3.3.1, meeting to discuss the process of the final year project is a recurring task, the task is execute on everyweek Wednesday. Took totally 12 days on choose project title. Totally 17 days use for create preliminary report, start from 16 Feb 2012 to 9 March 2012. For develop the comb-bound project proposal, this task totally used 21 days start from 12 Mar 2012 to 9 Apr 2012. 3.3.2 Next Semester Figure 3.3.2 Next Semester In figure 3.3.2, planning phase start from 28 May 2012, take 6 days to complete it. Due to using the prototyping methodology to develop the system, so Analysis, Design and Implementation should be recurring task and start from 13 Apr 2012 to 17 Aug 2012. The system should be delivery on 20 Aug 2012. Requirement Specification User Requirement Functional Patient Registration Disease History Medical certificate Inventory Inventory Backup Non-Functional User authentication Fast response time Maintainability Integrity 3.4.2 System Performance Definition Software Requirement Development tool Microsoft SharePoint Designer 2013 Microsoft Visual Studio 2012 Operating System Windows Server 2012 Database system Microsoft SQL Hardware Requirement Minimum Hardware Requirements Processor 64-bit, quad-core processor, 3 GHz RAM 8 GB for single server and multiple server farm installation for production use. Hard disk 80 GB Programming language C# C#, as part of the .NET framework, is compiled to Microsoft Intermediate Language (MSIL), which is a language similar to Javas bytecode. MSIL allows C# to be platform independent and runs using just in time compiling. Therefore programs running under .NET gain speed with repeated use. Furthermore, because the other languages that make up the .NET platform (including VB and Cobol) compile to MSIL, it is possible for classes to be inherited across languages. The MSIL, like bytecode, is what allows C# to be platform independent. Microsoft SharePoint 2013 In-alignment with SharePoints approach of doing more with no additional resources, investments like the integration with Visual Studio 2012 will enable our customers to rely on existing pools of programming expertise to enrich the SharePoint platform and increase the quality and ROI on their investments. Can be used to build any kind of web solution, including Internet publishing sites share contents, applications, and data to improve collaboration and provide a unique user experience CHAPTER 4 CONCLUSION Briefly this chapter describes on literature review and project methodology. Information for literature review is gathered from journals in library, online journal, magazines and article. All the information is useful to support the statement from the approaches that has been made. In project methodology, it described about methodology that will be develop for the system. It consists of 5 phases which has been explained in this section. Furthermore, in project requirements, it tell about the software and hardware that been choose to develop the project. Gantt chart attached is to help to manage project schedule so that this project will be finished on time. Managing time is the way to assuring the project can be finish according to the plan.

Jane Eyre Book Report

Jane Eyre Book Report The main character of the book is Jane Eyre (round character). The book follows her through her troubled childhood and life as a young woman. She is a gentle and intelligent girl, but she has no confidence in herself because she is raised by her aunt who does not love her. She has no family and is completely unprotected by social position. When the novel begins, she is an isolated, powerless ten-year-old girl who lives with her aunt and cousins who dislike her. As the novel progresses, she grows in strength. Jane Eyre slowly develops from an unhappy young girl learning the hardships of life, into a happy and contented woman. At the end of the novel, she has become a powerful, independent woman living together with the man she loves: Mr. Rochester. Charlotte Brontà « was born in 1816 in Thornton in Yorkshire, England. She was the third child of Patrick Brontà « and Maria Branwell and was soon followed by her brother Patrick Branwell in 1817, her sister Emily in 1818 and her sister Anne in 1820. Her father was a poor English clergyman and was eccentric and abusive. In 1821 the family moved to Haworth, after her father find work at a church there. In the same year her mother dies of cancer. In 1824 Charlotte and three of her sisters were sent to study at the Clergy Daughters School at Cowan Bridge. The conditions at the school were poor and they were treated with inhuman severity. The Lowood School in Jane Eyre was based on this school and Miss Scatcherd in the novel was based on the manager of the school. A fever broke out at the school and the girl returned home, but two of the sisters, Maria and Elizabeth, died of tuberculosis. The experience of Cowan Bridge and the loss of her sisters had an effect on Charlotte. With their father not communicating much with them and having no real contact with the outside world, the children spent their time reading and creating their own imaginary worlds. When Charlotte was nineteen years old, she became a teacher. But because of her bad health, she had to give it up. She later worked watching over the children of wealthy families as a governess. But the people treated her poorly, so she had to give this up too. She decided then to attend a language school in Brussels with her sisters Emily and Anne and fell in love with a married professor at the school, but she never fully admitted the fact to herself. After returning to Haworth in 1844, Charlotte Brontà « became depressed. She was lonely and felt that she lacked the ability to do any creative work. She discovered that both of her sisters had been writing poetry, as she had. They decided to publish selected poems of all three sisters; in 1846 a collection of their was published under the pseudonyms of Currer (Charlotte), Ellis (Emily) and Acton (Anne) Bell. Charlotte contributed 19 poems. Then they decided to each write a novel and to publish them. Her sisters novels were accepted for publication, but Charlottes first novel The Professor, based upon her Brussels experience, was rejected and was not published until after her death. Charlotte Brontà «s second novel, Jane Eyre, was published in 1847. It became the most successful book of the year and it was translated into most of the languages of Europe. Despite her success as a writer, Charlotte Brontà « continued to live a quiet life in Yorkshire. In 1854 she married Arthur Nicholls, a man who had once worked as an assistant to her father, but she died within a year of their marriage on March 31, 1955. Summary. Jane Eyre is a young orphan being raised by Mrs. Reed, her cruel, wealthy aunt. A servant named Bessie provides Jane with some of the few kindnesses she receives, telling her stories and singing songs to her. One day, as punishment for fighting with her bullying cousin John Reed, Janes aunt imprisons Jane in the red-room, the room in which Janes Uncle Reed died. While locked in, Jane, believing that she sees her uncles ghost, screams and faints. She wakes to find herself in the care of Bessie and the kindly apothecary Mr. Lloyd, who suggests to Mrs. Reed that Jane be sent away to school. To Janes delight, Mrs. Reed concurs. Once at the Lowood School, Jane finds that her life is far from idyllic. The schools headmaster is Mr. Brocklehurst, a cruel, hypocritical, and abusive man. Brocklehurst preaches a doctrine of poverty and privation to his students while using the schools funds to provide a wealthy and opulent lifestyle for his own family. At Lowood, Jane befriends a young girl named Helen Burns, whose strong, martyr like attitude toward the schools miseries is both helpful and displeasing to Jane. A massive typhus epidemic sweeps Lowood, and Helen dies of consumption. The epidemic also results in the departure of Mr. Brocklehurst by attracting attention to the insalubrious conditions at Lowood. After a group of more sympathetic gentlemen takes Brocklehursts place, Janes life improves dramatically. She spends eight more years at Lowood, six as a student and two as a teacher. After teaching for two years, Jane yearns for new experiences. She accepts a governess position at a manor called Thornfield, where she teaches a lively French girl named Adà ¨le. The distinguished housekeeper Mrs. Fairfax presides over the estate. Janes employer at Thornfield is a dark, impassioned man named Rochester, with whom Jane finds herself falling secretly in love. She saves Rochester from a fire one night, which he claims was started by a drunken servant named Grace Poole. But because Grace Poole continues to work at Thornfield, Jane concludes that she has not been told the entire story. Jane sinks into despondency when Rochester brings home a beautiful but vicious woman named Blanche Ingram. Jane expects Rochester to propose to Blanche. But Rochester instead proposes to Jane, who accepts almost disbelievingly. The wedding day arrives, and as Jane and Mr. Rochester prepare to exchange their vows, the voice of Mr. Mason cries out that Rochester already has a wife. Mason introduces himself as the brother of that wife a woman named Bertha. Mr. Mason testifies that Bertha, whom Rochester married when he was a young man in Jamaica, is still alive. Rochester does not deny Masons claims, but he explains that Bertha has gone mad. He takes the wedding party back to Thornfield, where they witness the insane Bertha Mason scurrying around on all fours and growling like an animal. Rochester keeps Bertha hidden on the third story of Thornfield and pays Grace Poole to keep his wife under control. Bertha was the real cause of the mysterious fire earlier in the story. Knowing that it is impossible for her to be with Rochester, Jane flees Thornfield. Penniless and hungry, Jane is forced to sleep outdoors and beg for food. At last, three siblings who live in a manor alternatively called Marsh End and Moor House take her in. Their names are Mary, Diana, and St. John Rivers, and Jane quickly becomes friends with them. St. John is a clergyman, and he finds Jane a job teaching at a charity school in Morton. He surprises her one day by declaring that her uncle, John Eyre, has died and left her a large fortune: 20,000 pounds. When Jane asks how he received this news, he shocks her further by declaring that her uncle was also his uncle: Jane and the Rivers are cousins. Jane immediately decides to share her inheritance equally with her three newfound relatives. St. John decides to travel to India as a missionary, and he urges Jane to accompany him as his wife. Jane agrees to go to India but refuses to marry her cousin because she does not love him. St. John pressures her to reconsider, and she nearly gives in. However, she realizes that she cannot abandon forever the man she truly loves when one night she hears Rochesters voice calling her name over the moors. Jane immediately hurries back to Thornfield and finds that it has been burned to the ground by Bertha Mason, who lost her life in the fire. Rochester saved the servants but lost his eyesight and one of his hands. Jane travels on to Rochesters new residence, Ferndean, where he lives with two servants named John and Mary. At Ferndean, Rochester and Jane rebuild their relationship and soon marry. At the end of her story, Jane writes that she has been married for ten blissful years and that she and Rochester enjoy perfect equality in their life together. She says that after two years of blindness, Rochester regained sight in one eye and was able to behold their first son at his birth. [1] Personal evaluation. I think Jane Eyre is a very good novel, for its great theme, its moving plots and its happy ending. The story develops in a way that holds your interest as Jane meets Mr. Rochester and the secrets of Thornfield Hall are revealed. The characters are very realistic written and its an exciting story, so I can recommend this novel to other people. [1] = http://www.sparknotes.com/lit/janeeyre/summary.html http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jane_Eyre http://summarycentral.tripod.com/janeeyre.htm http://www.shmoop.com/jane-eyre/summary.html http://www.sparknotes.com/lit/janeeyre/facts.html

Shakespeares Othello - Essay on Iago as the Hero of Othello :: GCSE English Literature Coursework

Iago as the Hero of Othello Make an argument that Iago is the hero, not the villain of this play. Why could we look at him that way? If he is the hero, who does this cast as the villain and why? What values are important if Iago is the hero? In the play "Othello", many can and would label Iago as a villain or even an/the enemy of the play. I'm not going to disagree or agree with anyone's opinion on whether Iago is the/an villain or not, because everybody has their own point of view. The purpose of me writing this paper is to prove that Iago is not a villain, well at least not a villain in the play "Othello". Iago was the main character who caused all the destruction at the end of the play, however there was always some worries going along in the play because Othello was a black man and he was married to the young, very much younger than him, Desdemona. Who also is a white lady. Neither the less this essay is not about Othello and Desdemona. Iago had Othello believe that Cassio was having an affair with Desdemona. There isn't really any conclusion or reasoning for Iago's doings, perhaps besides the only reason which he knows. And that reason none of us know of. The only conclusion i can come up with on why Iago has done what he done is because he was looking out for himself. This reminds me of a saying i use to always hear. "Nothing is going to happen for yourself unless you make it happen yourself." I don't know if Iago knew what the outcome of his doings would be, which was death for him, but i do believe he did the things he did because he was looking out for himself. Iago had to take things in his own hands and do what he felt was best. As i said before i truly don't believe he knew what the outcome would be because nobody wants death and i believe Iago did not want death. When i approached these thesis as of whether Iago can be consider a hero, i had/have a point that can base him as a hero but no for himself but for others. I don't know if that is the way i was suppose to approach the topic, but i do believe Iago was a hero.

Assessment of Blood Brothers, by Willy Russell :: Blood Brothers Essays

Assessment of Blood Brothers. Paper 1 unit 2 'Blood Brouthers' when we first was told about the play I did not know what it was about, I had heard of it before but I had never seen or read any of the play. Then we were told the basic story of the play and the playwright's history:  · The play was set in the early 1970  · It was written by the playwright Billy Russell  · There have been two different versions of the play scripts that have been written by Billy Russell, one being the original and the other being a modern musical version.  · The story is based on two different types of people in different types of classes and how children cannot see the differences.  · The play is based in Liverpool and at this time (1970's) there was a mixture of the wealthy and working class people.  · Billy Russell has based the play on his upbringing as he was brought up in a working class family in Liverpool  · The story is basically about a working class woman who works for a wealthy woman, the working class woman has 7 children and she finds out she is pregnant again with twins and her husband has just left her so the wealthy woman persuades the working class woman to give her one of the twins. The two twins meet at various points in there life's, they meet as young children and become friends when young adults, when they find out that they are twins they both die because the wealthy women kills them both. To get us to understand the play we read more into it by taking scrip's from the musical and the original, and developing them by using: Brainstorming We brainstormed a lot about the play, what we all knew about it. We also brainstorm about the different themes of the play, money, dreams, friendship and superstition we then linked them to the play. This helped me a lot because I did not know the full play and this helped me understand the themes and how they connected to the play. Still-image In my group we created a few still-images to help use decide each theme and to make use understand it more and were the themes come into the different parts of the play. We also created a caption to go with each still-image so that it helps other groups to understand what each still image is about. Narration We used narration at many different times but that was also because

The English School: A Via Media Essay -- Education, International Rela

The English School: A Via Media The English School, also recognize as The International Society approach of the International Relations is a â€Å"Via Media† (Buzan, 2001, p471) between the Rationalism and Realist elements. The idea is that instead of separates elements, these should form a whole picture of the International Relations. The unique approaches of the English School to International Relations are its methodological pluralism, its historicism and its interlinking of three very important concepts: International System, International Society and World Society. The English School is not widely know in the American International Relations typical field, maybe because of its roots are The British Committee and early works and lectures about the international society from Charles Manning and Martin Wight. According to Buzan the work of the British Committee is key because of the â€Å"diverse group that contained not only people from several academic disciplines but also practitioners from the world of diplomacy† (Buzan, 2001) To Buzan in his work â€Å" The English School: An Underexploit Resource in IR† and Devlen, James and Ozdamar in â€Å"The English School, International Relations and Progress† the English School is key a theory because its provide an opportunity to explore the area between the Rationalism and the Realist elements and how this elements can work together in a integrated approach to the study of International Relations. Starting Point The English School is based on a three-way division among: International System, International Society and World Society or as Wight’s original formulation: Realism, Rationalism and Revolutionism. The International System that is sometimes named by Hobbes or Machiavelli is all about po... ... the value of all three, system, society and world society, and its work shows greatest allegiance with the societal account of International Relations (Devlen, James and Ozdamar 2005). Conclusion The English School plays and important and unique part of the International Relations combining a pluralistic approach and filling the gap between the two major elements. Also its methodical and historicism approach make the English School available to other disciplines that enrich the result of the International Relations studies. The English School also includes Order and Justice in their framework and is an obligation of the great power to preserve this order and to apply justice when need it. Finally the English School approach demonstrates that in order to understand International Relations it is essential to recognize all the variables and actors involved.

Macbeth theme of kingship Essay

What is Kingship? During the Shakespearean time, being a king means that you are god-appointed to rule on Earth. It was a kings’s responsibility to rule wisely and well and his subjects’ duty to serve him loyally. We see how King Edward is described as ‘good’,’pious’,holy’ and ‘full of grace’ who has the ability to miraculously cure his subjects. While Macbeth’s tyrannical rule is contrasted to the rightful reign of good and lawful kings, bringing death and disease to his country.†i think our country sinks beneath the yoke; it weeps, it bleeds, and each day a gash is added to her wounds.† In the play Macbeth, when Duncan made his first appearance he immediately apprehends the traitors and rewards the good. â€Å"No more that Thane of Cawdor shall deceive Our bossom interest. Go pronounce his present death and with his formal title greet macbeth. He also portrays another trait of being a king, one who is humble,†there’s no art to find a mind’s construction in the face.† He expressed humility when he misjudged the previous thane of Cawdor. When Duncan rewards Macbeth with the title of Thane of Cawdor, he brought about his own downfall as a king, fulfilling the Witches prophecies on Macbeth â€Å"Hail to thee, thane of Glamis†¦ Hail to thee, Thane of Cawdor†¦ Hail to thee, that shalt be king thereafter.† When Macbeth commits regicide on the good Duncan, his inner guilt sets in and he then says,†wake Duncan with thy knocking, i would thou couldst†. After Duncan’s murder, Macbeth takes over the reign of Scotland as king. This unlawful order causes turmoil within Scotland, turning healthy Scotland to a sick and wounded Scotland under an intolerable burden.†Alas poor country, almost afraid to know itself, it cannot be called our mother, but our grave.† This shows how terrible Macbeth’s reign as a king as compared to Duncan. Macbeth does many unscrupulous deeds to keep his throne. He plots the murder of Banquo and Fleance due to Banquo suspecting Macbeth of murdering Duncan as he knew the witches prophecies. Macbeth also massacre Macduff’s family as he wants to give himself self-affirmation that he would be safe for the time being as Macbeth had been told by the witches to â€Å"beware Macduff† Finally, when Malcolm and Macduff unites to rebel against this Tyrannical Macbeth, Malcolm, the rightful heir of the throne, claims back the throne. Malcolm is seen to be the Medicine of sick scotland and macduff seen to be Scoland’s avenger. Macduff, carrying Macbeth’s head on a pole, hails Malcolm as king of Scotland and says, â€Å"Behold, where stands / The usurper’s cursed head: the  time is free† . The â€Å"time is free† because they are all now free of Macbeth’s reign of terror over Scotland. Macduff then leads the men in a shout of victory and loyalty. He says, â€Å"I see thee compass’d with thy kingdom’s pearl, / That speak my salutation in their minds; / Whose voices I desire aloud with mine: / Hail, King of Scotland!† . â€Å"Compassed† means â€Å"encircled† and Malcolm’s â€Å"kingdom’s pearl† is Malcolm’s circle of loyal thanes, who encircle him like a string of pearls encircles a crown. Macduff knows that these thanes already think of Malcolm as their king, and now he asks them to join him in shouting out loud, â€Å"Hail, King of Scotland!† And so they do, honoring Malcolm, above whose head looms th e severed head of Macbeth.

The Impact of Downsizing on Manufacturing Industries

The get of in actation on the make of subjugate sizing on manucircumstanceuring was non plentiful, just one main point that flows through with(predicate) solely of the articles is that blush though start sizing whitethorn be make to wait on a company it seat force out up hurting them in the long run. In the paragraphs to follow we olfactory perception at the effects that retrenchment has on people and companies as healthy as look at whether or non retrenchment is au olibanumtically the answer.Parker (2003)Reports that in 2003 the evaluate job losses among the manufacturing industries in big Britain would create the effects of annul infix costs and oil equipment casualty adjoin on the job cuts Downturn of the purchasing managers index for manufacturing Decrease in the station of manufacturers orders. So crimson though these cuts whitethorn be necessary he pointed let out that it would cede an overall minus effect.The midwestern unite States may be the focus of manufacturing layoffs and pecuniary woes(Link, 2005), b arly according to this survey, people who follow in the atomic quash 18a of the country that includes C directand and Detroit in the low- to mode regula pass over-income lax bracket argon using less of their income to pay for housing than different argonas of the country. The study, dubbed the Housing Landscape for Americas workplaceing Families 2005, revealed that from 1997 to 2003 the repress of Americas working class who spend a great deal than half of their income on housing leaped from 2. one thousand million to 4. 2 million.The study in addition revealed that immigrant families argon 75% much(pre nominated) presumable to phthisis much of their income to pay for housing than American-born citizens. cross focussings the country in that location ar 14 million people that spend excessively much of their income 10 pay for housing. to the juicyest degree 35% of that group is low- to mo de tempo-income families. In 2003, the decisive housing need for the Midwest make out 8. 7% of residents slice the West rim had a need among I6. 89 (of its residents. The southeastern followed the Midwest for a lower life-sustaining housing need with 9. % while the atomic exit 10 trailed California with a need among 14. 2% of its residents (Link, 2005). (Palley, 1999)Reported that depictn the dismal sparing performance that marked the menses from 1990 to 1995, when downsize was widespread, inequality widened, and real wages fell, the ensuant U-turn in performance has been completely unexpected. Moreover, it has been movement for win surprise that the givence has proceed to prosper despite the East Asian pecuniary crisis, which destabilized globular fiscal commercializes, undermined U. S. exports, and unlea put away a surge in U. S. imports.A minute source of uncertainty (Palley, 1999) concerns the sustainability of the fruit of private consumption sp destr uction, which had been the principal engine of stinting en openhandedment in the past cardinal age. In 1997, personal consumption uptake contri ambitiouslyed 59 portion of gross domestic help product (GDP) harvest-festival, and in 1998 it contri simplyed 85 share. Meanwhile, in 1997 and 1998 nominative personal consumption intakes grew 5. 3 percent and 5. 7 percent, respectively, while nominated disposable income grew merely if 4. 7 percent and 4. 0 percent.From the national Reserves perspective, this pattern is not sustainable since consumption is put uping red-hot than probable output, which implies that the frugality volition ultimately hit an ostentatiousnessary wall. An alternative recital is that much(prenominal) egress is not sustainable beca enjoyment households must(prenominal) inevitably run pithy of monetary wherewithal, and when this happens, an frugal decline willing ensue. According to this find out, inlet sort of than inflation is th e danger. A abide scenario concerns the possibility of a full-scale fragment or economic depression.Such an outcome is the least promising of the tether round scenarios, only if it is pipe down much probable than it used to be. In the sixties and 1970s, the possibility of an economic depression was truly far removed. However, in the 1990s such(prenominal)(prenominal) a notion has surfaced as plausible, regular if un apt(predicate). Recent founts in the acquaintance base-wide economy baffle added further credibility to this possibility. angiotensin converting enzyme reason a crash has become to a greater extent likely is that many of the factors set up a hard set down are already in go down, which path that many of them could be realized simultaneously.Indeed, many of these factors are linked in trip-wire fashion so that if one occurs, it triggers an other. Thus a federal official Reserve-induced increase in interest charge per unit could trigger a conduct f ood market crash, and this could then trigger an end to the spending boom. It could also trigger refreshal of international financial instability. Similarly, a renewal of existencewide financial instability could become the event that bursts the stock market bubble.Alternatively, a actualization that the existing U. S. urrent-account trajectory is unsustainable could trigger a foreign ex stir crisis that would renew globose financial market instability, trigger a stock market crash, or advert a Federal Reserve prize hike to protect the ex flip-flop arrange and guard against imported inflation. Finally, if the economic expansion brings to flag of old age, overoptimistic projections of bodily profitableness could pop, triggering a stock market crash.Also, a flagging economy could renew globular financial turmoil by ending the U. S. conomys role as buyer of last resort, thereby undermining the rest of the worlds economic reco truly, which rests importantly on export-led grow th. However, it is not just this interconnection of negative factors that lies behind the increased plausibleness of a crash. A second and to a greater extent than than than important factor concerns changes in the complex body part of the domestic and world(a) economy that micturate diminished the presence of instinctive stabilizers and replaced them with instinctive destabilizers. These destabilizers work in a pro-cyclical fashion.On the cyclical upswing they make for stronger and longer expansions, however on the downswing they make for deeper and more sustained contractions. One important change concerns patterns of employment and remuneration. In earlier line of products cycles, travail hoarding was a commons practicefirms held on to workers through downturns in order to retain their skills and avoid futurity hiring costs. However, the changed pattern of the employment relationship center that firms forthwith hire and fire much more freely, making labor incomes more pro-cyclical.It is also the case, especially in manufacturing, that extra time has become more important as firms have sought to save on employment costs by extending hours rather than hiring new personnel. Wage income is therefore more vulnerable to downturns since hours can quickly be cut support in a downturn. Finally, casual evidence suggests that there may have been an increase in the use of incentive pay, with greater reliance on stock options and profit- cogitate bonuses. In a downturn these forms of pay are likely to take up off rapidly, contri notwithstandinging to a bountiful decline in household income and spending.In sum, the above labor market increments all make wage income more procyclical, thereby increasing the pro-cyclicality of demand (Palley, 1999). Another reading concerns the general flexibility of wages. In the period from 1950 to 1980, recessions were characterized by a decline in the rate of increase in nominal wages. However, the important point is that wages still rose in recession. The recessions of 1981-1982 and 1990-1991 suggest that a new pattern may have emerged. Now not only does the rate of wage inflation verbose, only nominal wages can fall.This is a very important development when it is considered in co-occurrence with the new debt-driven agate line cycle. The ability to return consumer debt depends on the nominal esteem of income. In a recession the value of debts trunk unchanged, but instantly wage incomes may show a tendency to fall. This will tend to increase debt issues and raise the preponderance of bankruptcy, thereby deepening recessions. Just as developments in labor markets have contributed to the ontogenesis of automatic destabilizers, so have developments in financial markets.Households now have importantly increased access to credit. In special(a), households are able to borrow more firmly against their pluss, thereby increasing their ratio of debt to income. internal equity loans are th e most bragging(a) example. Another is the ability to borrow on tolerance against stock holdings. These innovations and their spread give the economy a strong pro-cyclical impulse, but they also generate greater financial fragility. Thus, in upswings when asset prices and wages are rising, households borrow more and spend more, thereby lengthening the cycle.However, when the downswing occurs, households are now saddled with greater indebtedness and may also be subject to margin calls. This worsens the downturn and may contribute to even greater stock market corrections (Palley, 1999). The shift from outlined benefit to defined contribution pension plans is another automatic destabilize. First, households are able to borrow against these contributions. Second, these plans may change household consumption and obstetrical delivery behavior since each month they obtain statements showing how the value of their pension holdings has increased.Thus, as stock market prices rise, house holds cut back on saving and increase consumption, while more or less households borrow against their appreciated 401(k) accounts. However, stock prices are likely to fall in a recession, while the incurred debts will stay on unchanged. At that time, households will have large debts and rock-bottom holdings of liquid assets. Finally, it is worth noting that prices in the stock market may have been at bubble levels for more than three years recall that Chairman Greenspan gave his false exuberance warning back in 1996.This means that a considerable bill of borrowing and spending has taken place on the seat of these bubble prices, so the bubble may be deep embedded in the balance sheets of agents. This means that a market correction is likely to be all the more severe. In effect, the size of the negative conflict of an asset price bubble is positively related to the duration of the price bubble. Accompanying these changes in the domestic economy have been changes in the globa l economy that have contributed to the ontogeny of international automatic destabilizes.One change is the increased degree of international financial capital mobility. When a countrys financial markets begin to fall, it is easier for asset holders to exit, thereby creating a bigger stampede for the exit. Foreign holders have an incentive to exit to protect the domestic-currency value of their holdings, and they now have a larger touch be reason of their increased holdings. Domestic holders are also more likely to exit because of reduced transaction costs and the increased worldliness of financial markets.They recognize that exit is the way to maximize the dollar mark value of portfolios when the dollar is under pressure. A second development is the increased international integration of goods markets. In theoretical terms, the foreign trade expenditure multiplier has become larger, which means that economic activity crossways countries has become more connected, making for greate r amplitude in the world business cycle. In the fifties and 1960s it was said that when the U. S. economy sneezes, the world economy catches a cold.Globalization of goods markets may have created a situation in which the U. S. economy sneezes and the world economy catches pneumonia. In this study (Wertheim, 2004), has substantial a supposal which combines the effects of both economic daze and pre-disclosure information with the financial distress and electric potential benefit hypotheses developed in former seek in corporate suppression. or else of offering that these two hypotheses as competing and in return exclusive, evidence are provided that supports the conclusion that these hypotheses simultaneously explain concurrent and additive effects on the stock price chemical reaction to announcements of company layoffs.Finally, results indicate that the relationship amid economic impact, pre-disclosure information and stock price reaction to layoff announcements depends on the relative office of the signals provided by the layoff rough both financial distress and potential benefit. (Palley, 1999)stated that for policymakers at the Federal Reserve, the goal is a salving landing place, though few (those who continue to cogitate in the inwrought rate of unemployment) infer a bumpy landing is desirable since they believe that the unemployment rate is now below the natural rate.Thus not only is the economy expanding more rapidly than potential output, but the level of output already exceeds the level of potential output. Consequently, not only must the rate of output growth decrease, but the rate of unemployment must also rise back to the natural rate in order to avoid accelerating inflation. Since virtually 1980, there has been a determined drive to downsize American organizations (Budros, 1999) and there currently is no end in sight to this movement, even though studies underscore its technical-economic and adult male dysfunctions.This situatio n indicates a need to consider why organizations downsize in the first place, yet the shortcomings of the scholarly lit on this issue are evident (Budros 1997). Therefore, in that paper he offered some systematic thoughts on the causes of downsizing. He developed a conceptual simulation for exploring organizational innovation that features two under explored dimensions associated with this phenomenon, the basis of organizational action ( logical versus absurd) and social setting (organizational versus extra-organizational).He then portrayed downsizing as an organizational innovation and set factors that lead organizations to downsize. (Palley, 1999) suggests that there are three possible future pathsa soft landing, a hard landing, and a crash. A soft or hard landing is by far the more likely outcome, but, that said, it is possible to imagine conditions in which a crash will occur. Japans prolonged hard landing, East Asias economic crisis, and the October 1998 near-meltdown o f global financial markets have all added plausibility to such an outcome.A soft landing has the rate of output growth gradually slow to a level consistent with potential output growth. According to current consensus thinking, this potential rate of growth is somewhere amongst 2 and 2. 5 percent, though tonic Economy optimists claim it to be as high as 3 percent. A bumpier version of the soft landing (a. k. a. growth recession) has the rate of output growth slowdown below potential but growth still remaining positive. Under this scenario, unemployment rises but the economy avoids a formal recession since output continues to grow.A hard landing has the decline in output growth such that it turns negative so that the economy is pushed into recession and unemployment rises even more. Finally, a crash involves a collapse in the rate of output growth, so that the economy enters a deep recession that may even border on a depression (Palley, 1999). The use of an organizational innovatio n framework to examine downsizing clearly has shed light on this phenomenon (Budros, 1999), revealing that organizations may make people cuts in answer to rational organizational, rational extra organizational, irrational organizational, and irrational extra organizational does.Of particular interest is the realization that scholars have cerebrate almost exclusively on rational (organizational and extra-organizational) causes of downsizing, neglecting the role irrational forces may bit in work force reductions. peradventure this situation prevails because of the longstanding inclination among scholars to conniption organizations as efficiency-minded social actors. save if we are to develop a complete appreciation of downsizing, then we must evaluate the impact of rational and irrational factors on this practice.This research investigates organizational practices in downsizing later a restructure and the effects of these practices on an organization and its employees (Labib, 1993), in particular, and on other stakeholders in general. Findings indicated that it is not downsizing that causes negative effects on both change and surviving employees, but rather the human resources practices used to implement downsizing such as advance notification, method of termination, and amount and type of post-termination assistance given.This research further found that organizations often do not achieve their strategical goals after downsizing because they do not adjust their work processes and their human resource management practices to the new size and structure of the organization. Based on the literature review, a process present for the development and implementation of downsizing plans is proposed. The standard is designed to provide a pull out to be used by organizations when downsizing to gibe that the interests of all stakeholders are taken into account.The proposed model is tested through a field research in the form of case studies of five major org anizations in Canada. The actual practices of these organizations are outlined and compared to the proposed process model, both collectively and individually. The differences are then analyzed and a new revise model is proposed that emphasizes, not only the downsizing process itself, but also what organizations must do during and after downsizing to ensure that employees needs are met and that the new strategic goals that prompted the downsizing are achieved.Two conclusions are d lancinaten from this research. The first is that downsizing, if it is necessary, must be undertaken in a way that would cause the least amount of pain to those touched which is the ethical responsibility of good corporate citizenship. The second conclusion is that downsizing, in itself, is not enough to ensure increased profitableness and goal attainment, but rather, it is how the organization functions afterward that will indicate whether or not the downsizing was a good or bad thing(Labib).The topic of off border generates extreme differences of opinion among policy makers, business executives, and thought leaders. Some have argued that more or less all assist jobs will finally move from developed economies to low-wage ones. Others say that rising wages in cities such as Bangalore and Prague indicate that the bring of onshore givings is already running thin. To a large extent, these disagreements reflect the confusion surrounding the impudently integrating and still inefficient global labor market.Much as engineering science change is making it possible to unify global capital markets into a private market for savings and investment, so digital communications are giving rise to what is, in effect, a single global market for those jobs that can now, thanks to IT, be performed remotely from customers and colleagues. The newly integrating genius of this global labor market has strategic and tactical implications for companies and countries alike. Information and insight about it are sparse, however, and executives and policy makers have itsy-bitsy of either for making the decisions they face.To provide help for governments and companies in both high- and low-wage economies, the McKinsey Global comprise (MGI) analyzed the potential availability of onshore giving in 2. 8 low-wage nations and the likely demand for it in service jobs across eight of the developed worlds sectors (chosen as a representative cross-section of the global economy) automotive (service jobs only), financial services, health care, insurance, IT services, packaged software, pharmaceuticals (service jobs only), and retailing. These sectors provide about 23 percent of the nonagricultural jobs in developed countries.The study, which projects trends to 2008, aims to assess the dynamics of ply and demand for offshore service talent at the occupational, sectoral, and global level and thus the likely impact on both employment and wages in the years ahead. MGIs analysis provides a panoramic view of the off shoring of services, as well as a heel of profitable conclusions, including Off shoring will plausibly continue to create a relatively small global labor market one that threatens no sudden discontinuities in overall levels of employment and wages in developed countries.Demand for offshore labor by companies in the developed world will increasingly push up wage rates for some occupations in low-wage countries, but not as high as current wage levels for those occupations in developed ones. Potential global append and likely demand for offshore talent are matched inefficiently, with demand outstripping supply in some locations and supply outstripping demand in others. The more efficiently the emerging global labor market functions, of course, the more value it will create for its participants by allocating resources more economically.Both companies and countries can take peculiar(prenominal) measures to raise its efficiency in change demand and sup ply. Broadly speaking, a fitly qualified person anywhere in the world could undertake any parturiency that requires neither substantial local knowledge nor physical or complex fundamental interaction between an employee and customers or colleagues. Using these criteria, we pretend that 11 percent of service jobs around the world could be carried out remotely. Of course, some sectors provide an unusually large number of such jobs. As a rule, industries with more customer-facing functions have less potential in this respect.Consequently, the retailing sector, in which the vast legal age of employees work in stores, could offshore only 3 percent of its jobs by 2008. insofar because retailing is such a colossal employer around the world, this would be equivalent to 4,900,000 positions. In contrast, by 2008 it will be possible to undertake remotely almost half of all jobs in the packaged-software constancy, but in this far less labor-intensive business, that represents only 340,000 positions. Some occupations also are more pliable than others to remote employment.The most amenable to it are engineering, on the one hand, and finance and accounting, on the other (52 percent and 31 percent, respectively). The work of generalist and support stave is much less amenable (9 percent and 3 percent, respectively), because those workers interact with their customers or colleagues extensively. But generalists and support workers permeate every industry and therefore provide the highest absolute number of jobs that remote talent could fill a innate of 26,000,000. In practice, just a small fraction of the jobs that could go offshore really will.Today, around 565,000 service jobs in the eight sectors we evaluated have been off shored to low-wage countries. By 2008, that number will grow to 1,200,000. Extrapolating these meter to the entire global economy, we estimate that total offshore employment will grow from 1,500,000 jobs in 2003 to 4,100,000 in 2008 just 1 percen t of the total number of service jobs in developed countries. To put this number in perspective (in what is, to be sure, not a direct comparison), consider the fact that an average of 4,600,000 people in the United States started work with new employers every month in the year ending jar against 2005.Why is the gap between the potential and actual number of jobs moving offshore so large? many observers think that regulatory barriers stand in the way, but MGI interviews indicate that company-specific considerations (such as management attitudes, organizational structure, and scale) are generally more properly deterrents. Companies cite cost pressures as the main incentive to hire offshore labor, for example, but the strength of cost pressures varies by sector. Many companies lack sufficient scale to excuse the costs of off shoring.Others find that the functions they could offshore in theory must actually stay where they are because their internal processes are so complex. Often, m anagers are wary of overseeing units on the other side of the world or unwilling to take on the burden of extra travel. On the supply side, ontogeny countries produce far fewer graduates commensurate for employment by multinational companies than the raw numbers might suggest. Nonetheless, the potential supply of appropriate workers is large and growing fast, and some small countries boast surprisingly large numbers of them.